Empirisme Francis Bacon dan Kritik terhadap Bias Pengetahuan: Analisis Metode Induksi dan Four Idols dalam Perspektif Filsafat Ilmu Modern

Abstract

This study examines Francis Bacon's empiricist thinking, focusing on the inductive method and the concept of the four idols as a critique of knowledge bias from the perspective of modern philosophy of science. This study aims to analyze Bacon's concept of empiricism, the inductive method he developed, and the relevance of the four idols critique to modern knowledge bias phenomena such as hoaxes, information manipulation, and subjectivity in knowledge production. This study employed library research with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were obtained from primary sources in the form of Francis Bacon's works, particularly the Novum Organum, as well as various secondary literature related to empiricism, epistemology, and the philosophy of science. Data analysis was conducted through content analysis, interpreting key concepts descriptively and critically. The results show that Bacon's empiricism places sensory experience, observation, and experimentation as the primary foundations for acquiring scientific knowledge. Through the inductive method, Bacon emphasized that knowledge must be built from empirical facts to systematic generalizations. Furthermore, the concept of the four idols, consisting of idols of the tribe, idols of the cave, idols of the marketplace, and idols of the theater, critiques various human biases that can hinder the objectivity of knowledge. From the perspective of modern philosophy of science, Bacon's thinking remains relevant as a basis for developing a critical, objective, and scientific attitude in the face of the current crisis of scientific validity.