NUSRA : Jurnal Penelitian dan Ilmu Pendidikan

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kelompok (Cooperative Learning) Terhadap Perkembangan Sosial Emosional Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun Di RA Plus Fatahul Wardah Palembang

Jihan Fadhilah, Mardeli, Izza Fitri — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to determine the effect of the cooperative learning model on the social-emotional development of children aged 5-6 years at RA Plus Fatahul Wardah Palembang. The research method used is quantitative with an experimental approach. The research sample consisted of 12 children selected randomly. Data collection was conducted through pretests and posttests using appropriate instruments. The results of the study showed a significant improvement in children's social-emotional development after implementing the cooperative learning model. In the pretest, the average score obtained was 39.33, while after treatment (posttest), it increased to 78.8. Hypothesis testing indicated that tcount = 26.32638 was greater than ttable = 2.228139, leading to the acceptance of Ha and the rejection of Ho. Thus, it can be concluded that the cooperative learning model significantly influences the social-emotional development of children aged 5-6 years. The indicators that showed improvement include teamwork skills, emotional regulation, self-confidence, and communication abilities.

Karakteristik Inovasi Pendidikan, Strategi Pendidikan, dan Strategi Inovasi Pendidikan

Ridwan Efendi, Fajri Ismail, Muhammad Win Afgani — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Educational innovation is a crucial factor in improving the quality of learning and adapting the education system to the demands of the modern era. The characteristics of educational innovation, educational strategies, and educational innovation strategies are closely interconnected in creating a more effective, adaptive, and relevant learning system. This study aims to analyze the concepts and relationships among these three aspects to understand how educational innovation strategies can be optimally implemented. This research employs a literature review method by examining various relevant sources, including books, scientific journals, and previous studies. The analysis focuses on the concept of educational innovation, the educational strategies applied in different learning systems, and innovation strategies that enhance the effectiveness of education. The findings indicate that educational innovation has key characteristics such as flexibility, sustainability, and adaptability to learning needs. Meanwhile, educational strategies serve as guidelines for designing a structured and well-directed learning process. Educational innovation strategies are necessary to systematically integrate innovations, including technology, learning methods, and curricula. This study emphasizes that the success of educational innovation depends on human resource readiness, policy support, and adequate infrastructure.

Pengembangan Naskah Opini Sistem Reproduksi Pada E-Magazine Berbasis Hots

Shofi Ma'rifaturriya Dhoti, Evi Suryawati, Darmadi — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to produce a quality reproductive system Opinion Paper on HOTS-based E-Magazine. This Research & Development (R&D) study adapted the ADDIE model to the product development stage. The Opinion Paper was developed in the Biology Education study program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Riau until the first trial stage and in SMAN Plus Riau Province in the second trial stage in October 2023-November 2024. The validation was assessed by 4 validators consisting of 2 Biology Education lecturers from University of Riau and 2 Biology teachers from SMAN Plus Riau Province and SMAN 1 Pekanbaru, covering aspects of content, pedagogical, linguistic, and presentation feasibility. The results of the Opinion Manuscript validation obtained very valid criteria (3.79). The results of trial I obtained very good criteria (3.92) and the results of trial II obtained very good criteria (3.96). Overall, the average score of validation, trial I and trial II obtained an average score of 3.89 with very good criteria. The results of this study indicate that the reproductive system Opinion Paper on HOTS-based E-Magazine that has been developed has the potential to improve HOTS and can be used as an alternative learning resource in Biology learning in grade XI SMA.

Sejarah Perkembangan Ilmu di Barat dan Islam dengan Penalaran Bayani Irfani dan Burhani Bagi Pengembangan Ilmu Pendidikan Agama Islam

Hanasto, Usman, Sibawaihi — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores the historical and philosophical development of scientific knowledge in both Western and Islamic civilizations. The trajectory of science in the West reveals a complex evolution, beginning with Ancient Greek civilization, continuing through the Medieval period, the Renaissance, the Modern era, and into the Contemporary age marked by Nietzsche's philosophy and rapid technological advancement. Each historical phase reflects shifting paradigms influenced by philosophical, social, and political contexts. In contrast, the Islamic civilization reached its intellectual zenith during the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. This period was characterized by territorial expansion, a vigorous translation movement, and significant advancements in various scientific fields. Muslim philosophers promoted an integrative approach to knowledge, emphasizing proper methodologies for acquiring truth and applying it to practical life. Their openness to knowledge, regardless of its originas expressed by al-Kindi’s assertion that truth should be accepted even from distant nations illustrates the inclusive spirit of Islamic scientific thought. Overall, the study underscores that the progress of science is a product of dynamic cross-civilizational interaction, driven by a universal pursuit of truth.

Analisis Kemampuan Membaca Menggunakan Media Panka (Papan Kata) Bagi Siswa Tunagrahita Kelas VI SLB

Alfina Zahrotul Chusna, Rusmalinda Gustia, Arcivid Chorynia Ruby — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research was conducted at SLB P Kudus from April 9 to May 8, 2025 with a qualitative case study approach. The subjects of the study were nine moderate intellectually retarded students in grade VI and their class teachers. The media used was a word board (Panka) measuring 50 x 70 cm complete with letter cards, pictures, and colorful words. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed thematically. The results showed that the use of Panka media was effective in improving students' reading skills, including letter recognition, syllables, and reading and writing simple words. The implications of this study support the use of visual and interactive media in learning similar ABK groups. Theoretically, this research strengthens the theory of visual and kinesthetic-based learning which states that students with special needs, such as moderate intellectual disabilities, require a concrete and multisensory approach in understanding academic concepts, especially reading.

Pengembangan E-LKPD Berbasis Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) Menggunakan Liveworksheets Pada Materi Kesetimbangan Kimia Di Kelas XI SMA/MA Sederajat

Fien Hasanah, Rasmiwetti, Susilawati Susilawati — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to develop an Electronic Student Worksheet (E-LKPD) based on the ARCS motivational model (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) using the Liveworksheets platform, focusing on the topic of chemical equilibrium for grade XI senior high school students. The research was motivated by the low student motivation and learning outcomes resulting from the use of conventional, less interactive worksheets. The method employed was Research and Development (R&D) using the ADDIE model, which includes five stages: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. The product was developed through a series of needs analyses, prototype designs, expert validations, and limited user trials involving teachers and students. Validation results indicated that the ARCS-based E-LKPD achieved an average score of 97.42% for content validation and 97.22% for media validation, both categorized as very valid. User trials showed very positive responses from teachers (96.56%) and students (91.06%). Therefore, the developed E-LKPD is deemed appropriate as an innovative teaching material capable of enhancing student motivation, conceptual understanding, and the effectiveness of chemistry learning.

Profil Minat Siswa SMA Kelas XII untuk Menjadi Calon Pendidik Biologi Di Era Gen-Z

Rani Helfita, Nursal, Zulfarina — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to determine the profile of interest of high school students in grade XII to become prospective biology educators in the Gen-Z era. The method used in this study is a descriptive method. To achieve this goal, a study has been conducted using a descriptive research design with a quantitative approach. The population of this study was taken from two schools, namely SMA Negeri 8 Pekanbaru totaling 454 students consisting of 12 classes and SMA Negeri 15 Pekanbaru totaling 241 students consisting of 7 classes. The number of samples was taken using the Purposive Sampling technique. The instruments used were questionnaires and interview sheets. Data were obtained by distributing questionnaires, as well as interviews, then the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. the results of the study on the profile of interest of high school students in grade XII to become prospective biology educators in the Gen-Z era were obtained from the analysis of each indicator, namely cognition (knowing) was in the interested category with a percentage of 84%, emotion (feeling) was in the less interested category with a percentage of 73%, and conation (will) was in the less interested category with a percentage of 58%. Meanwhile, in students of SMA Negeri 15 Pekanbaru, it was obtained from each indicator, namely cognition (knowing) was in the interested category with a percentage of 85%, emotion (feeling) was in the less interested category with a percentage of 74%, and conation (will) was in the less interested category with a percentage of 65%. The conclusion of this study is that students of SMA Negeri 15 Pekanbaru are 1% more interested in becoming prospective biology educators than students of SMA Negeri 8 Pekanbaru.

Pengembangan Instrumen Asesmen Berbasis Enam Aspek Pemahaman dalam Kerangka Understanding by Design (UbD) Pada Materi Termokimia Kelas XI SMA Sederajat

Aufa Agustia, Sri Haryati, Betty Holiwarni — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to develop an assessment instrument based on the six facets of understanding within the Understanding by Design (UbD) framework, specifically for thermochemistry material. The research adopted the ADDIE model, which consists of five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The study was conducted from February to May 2025 at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Riau, with field testing carried out at SMA Negeri 4 Pekanbaru and SMA Negeri Plus Provinsi Riau. Data were collected through expert validation, one-on-one trials, small group trials, and item characteristic analysis. Expert validation results indicated that the developed instrument is valid in terms of content, construct, and language, with average percentage scores of 100%, 96.63%, and 100%, respectively. Student responses to the instrument fell into the “very good” category, with an average score percentage of 91.08%. Teacher responses also indicated a “very good” category, with an average score percentage of 95.83%. The item analysis revealed that the instrument has strong construct validity, high reliability, and appropriate levels of difficulty and discrimination. Therefore, this assessment instrument is deemed suitable for measuring students’ understanding in alignment with the learning objectives outlined in the Merdeka Curriculum.

Analisis Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan Siswa Kelas V di SDN Mugarsari

Aini Mutaba'ah, Fajar Nugraha, Agus Ahmad Wakih — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to analyze the environmentally caring behavior of fifth-grade students at SDN Mugarsari and to identify the factors influencing such behaviors. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the research involved observations, interviews, and documentation with six students and one class teacher as participants. The results show that students demonstrate good environmental care, particularly in keeping the classroom clean and not littering. However, behaviors such as reducing plastic use and caring for school plants require improvement. Contributing factors include the role of the class teacher, school facilities, and students' environmental awareness. The study highlights the importance of early environmental education in shaping responsible behavior. During implementation, several obstacles remain, such as a lack of consistency between teachers and students, weak supervision, inadequate supporting facilities, and low student role models and awareness of environmental stewardship. To address these challenges, the school has implemented solutions such as teacher role models, regular education, visual reminders, improved sanitation facilities, and collaboration with parents. With consistent and collaborative efforts, the development of environmentally conscious character at SDN Mugarsari can be continuously strengthened and instilled in students.

Implementation of The Understanding by Design (Ubd) Approach To Enchance Student’s Learning in Earth and Solar System Topics At SMPN 1 Rengat

Azetta Fikra Alisha, Zulhelmi, Muhammad Syafi’i — Mon, 03 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aimed to describe students’ learning interest through the implementation of the Understanding by Design (UbD) approach and to determine whether there was a significant difference in learning interest between students taught using UbD and those taught using conventional learning. The study employed a quasi-experimental method with a nonequivalent post-test only control group design involving two classes of 7th grade students at SMPN 1 Rengat. The experimental class was taught using the UbD approach, while the control class received conventional instruction. Descriptive analysis showed that the experimental class achieved a higher average interest score categorized as very high, compared to the control class in the high category. All indicators of learning interest such as enjoyment, attention, participation, and curiosity of student were higher in the UbD class. Inferential analysis using an independent sample t-test confirmed that there was a statistically significant difference in students’ learning interest between the two groups. These results suggest that the UbD approach effectively enhances students’ interest in learning, especially in science topics such as Earth and the Solar System, and can be considered as an alternative teaching strategy to increase student engagement in the classroom.

Peran Kepemimpinan Islam dalam Mewujudkan Pendidikan Berakhlak Mulia

Sillia Iriana Sillia Iriana, Hengelina — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this study is to provide a more holistic leadership strategy, including the application of the principles of shiddiq, tabligh, fathanah, and syaja'ah in a modern context. The research method used is library research, focusing on key issues related to Islamic educational leadership. Data collection techniques involve identifying discourse from various sources such as books, articles, magazines, and journals related to leadership in Islam. The data is then analyzed using descriptive methods. The results of the study indicate that Islamic educational leadership plays a crucial role in realizing noble character education through the integration of traditional Islamic values such as amanah (trustworthiness), adil (justice), syura (consultation), and amar ma'ruf nahi munkar (enjoining what is good and forbidding what is evil), as well as the principles of shiddiq, tabligh, fathanah, qana'ah, and syaja'ah. Islamic educational leaders are not only responsible for managing educational institutions but must also be able to adapt to digital technology developments, create a conducive learning environment, and guide the younger generation to have noble character. The success of educational institutions heavily depends on dynamic, innovative leadership focused on improving educational quality, grounded in the moral values of the Quran and Hadith. The implications of this research highlight the importance of Islamic education leaders addressing modern challenges such as technological literacy and data management while maintaining the integrity and ethics of Islamic leadership.

Pengembangan E-LKPD Berbasis SOLE (Self Organized Learning Environment) Menggunakan Live Work Sheets pada Materi Asam Basa Kelas XI SMA/MA Sederajat

Fatimah Septia, Sri Haryati, Lenny Anwar — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to develop an E-LKPD (Electronic Student Worksheet) employing a Self Organized Learning Environment (SOLE) approach, specifically tailored with Liveworksheets for the acid-base topic aimed at XI grade high school or MA equivalent students. The research is centered on research and development, employing a 4-D development model that includes four phases: Definition, Design, Development, and Dissemination. This research involved one-on-one trials, teacher response tests, and small group trials to improve the development process. The study was carried out at FKIP University of Riau, along with SMAN 15 Pekanbaru and SMAN 7 Pekanbaru. This research examines the SOLE-based E-LKPD format. The data collection instruments included validation sheets given to three validators: two material experts and one media expert. User response sheets were distributed to two chemistry teachers and twenty students. The study produced an average score of 86.42% from material experts and a perfect score of 100% from media experts, both classified as valid. The trial results indicated an average percentage score of 95.1% for teachers and 90.71% for students, both categorized as very good. The study's findings demonstrate that SOLE-based E-LKPD using Liveworksheets for acid-base materials functions effectively as a learning medium.

Pengembangan Media E-Booklet Keragaman Spesies Jamur Makroskopis dan Peranannya di Kebun Kelapa Sawit Desa Teluk Merbau untuk Pembelajaran Biologi SMA

Uvi Laila, Wan Syafi’i, Fitra Suzanti — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to develop an e-booklet media from the results of the study of the diversity of macroscopic fungal species and their roles in the Teluk Merbau Village Oil Palm Plantation for high school biology learning. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study. The determination of the observation location used the purposive sampling method, namely making 6 line transect lines in locations that represent the age of oil palm trees and fungal habitats. The e-booklet development method uses the ADDIE model until the third step (Development). The developed e-booklet was validated by 2 expert lecturers. The results of the study showed that there were 22 species of macroscopic fungi in the Teluk Merbau Village Oil Palm Plantation area consisting of 21 species from the basidiomycota division and 1 species from the ascomycota division. The results of the validation of the development of the e-booklet on the diversity of macroscopic fungal species and their roles in the Teluk Merbau Village Oil Palm Plantation based on aspects of content, language and appearance obtained an average score of 3.89 which is included in the very valid category, this indicates that the developed e-booklet is in accordance with the criteria for good learning media.

Kualitas Water Kefir Nanas (Ananas comosus) dengan Penggunaan Jenis Gula Berbeda

Rahmi Luthfiyyah AD, Fitra Suzanti, Darmawati — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research is motivated by public awareness of health and public concerns about calories and the dangers of diabetes from sweet foods and drinks. Therefore, it is necessary to develop functional foods that are rich in benefits and low in sugar such as pineapple water kefir using corn sugar or stevia sugar. This study aims to determine the quality of pineapple water kefir using cane sugar, corn sugar and stevia sugar in terms of lactic acid parameters, acidity level (pH) and organoleptic characteristics including color, aroma, taste, texture and level of preference (hedonic) of the water kefir produced. This study is included in the type of quantitative research with experimental methods. The results showed that the provision of different sugars did not significantly affect the levels of lactic acid and acidity level (pH) of pineapple water kefir. Organoleptic tests showed that panelists liked the most pineapple water kefir with stevia sugar (G3) which has the characteristics of a pale yellow color, a not too pungent aroma, a very sour taste and a slightly runny texture. Based on the results of these studies, it can be concluded that stevia sugar can be used as a substitute for cane sugar in making pineapple water kefir.

Keywords: Water kefir, pineapple, cane sugar, corn sugar, stevia sugar

Pengembangan E-LKPD Berbasis Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI) Menggunakan Live work sheets Pada Materi Kesetimbangan Kimia Kelas XI SMA/MA Sederajat

Nur Latiffahni, Rasmiwetti, Sri Haryati — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to develop E-LKPD based on socio-scientific issues (SSI) using liveworksheets on chemical equilibrium material for grade XI SMA/MA equivalent, to determine the validity of E-LKPD based on aspects of content feasibility, characteristics of Socio-scientific Issues, presentation, language, appearance, and software utilization and to determine user responses to the developed E-LKPD. This study was designed using a research and development design R&D (Research and Development) using the ADDIE model consisting of five stages of the ADDIE model consisting of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. However, this study was only conducted up to the Development stage. The instruments used were validation sheets and user response questionnaires. Validation was carried out by two material expert validators and one media expert validator, as well as user responses obtained from teachers and students. After validation was carried out twice, the results of the expert validation of the material on the aspects of content feasibility, characteristics of Socio-Scientific Issues, presentation, and language were respectively 93.75%, 90.625%, 87.50%, and 87.50% with valid criteria. The results of media validation on the aspects of appearance, and software utilization were 100% and 100% with valid criteria. The results of the user response test obtained a score of 96.66% by chemistry teachers with very good criteria and 95.77% by students with very good criteria.

Pengembangan Booklet Materi Pencemaran Lingkungan Berdasarkan Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobentos di Ekosistem Mangrove Pantai Solop Indragiri Hilir

Dwi Ariani, Sri Wulandari, Suwondo — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to identify the structure of the macrozoobenthos community in the mangrove ecosystem of Solop Beach, Indragiri Hilir and to determine the validity of a booklet developed from the research results for use in the Environmental Pollution topic of Grade X Senior High School Biology. The research was conducted from February to April 2025 in the mangrove area of Solop Beach, Mandah District, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The identification process and analysis of the macrozoobenthos community structure were carried out at the Biology Education Laboratory, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Riau. The methods used were the survey method and belt transect method, which are employed to analyze specific regional conditions. The parameters in this study were divided into primary parameters, namely biological parameters, and supporting parameters, namely physical-chemical parameters. The results of the study showed that a total of 8 species of macrozoobenthos were found in the Solop Beach mangrove ecosystem. The research findings were then integrated into a booklet learning media and validated by two experts for use in Grade X Senior High School Biology learning.

Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa dalam Cerita Fabel melalui Metode Pembelajaran Role Playing pada Siswa Kelas 3 Sekolah Dasar

Auril Ramadani Kusnadi, Cici Dena Putri, Rinaldi Yusuf — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to improve the understanding of fable stories among third-grade students at SDN Rawasalak through the implementation of the Role Playing learning method. The background of this research is based on the low ability of students to comprehend elements of fable stories—such as characters, plot, and moral messages—as indicated by the results of the pretest and initial observations. The study adopts a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach using the Kemmis and McTaggart model, consisting of two cycles. Data were collected through reading comprehension tests, observation sheets, and teacher reflections. The results show an increase in the students’ average scores from 67.8 in the pre-cycle to 78.1 in the second cycle, as well as an improvement in learning mastery from 37.5% to 87.5%. Moreover, student engagement in the learning process also increased significantly. These findings indicate that the Role Playing method is effective in enhancing students' comprehension of fable stories while fostering an active, enjoyable, and meaningful learning environment. This method is recommended as an alternative instructional strategy for teaching Indonesian language in elementary schools.

Pengembangan E-LKPD Berbasis Poblem Based Learning (PBL) Terintegrasi Berpikir Kritis Pada Materi Sistem Ekskresi Manusia Kelas XI SMA

Putri Rohani Gultom, Wan Syafi’i, Darmadi — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to develop an Electronic Student Worksheet (E-LKPD) based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) integrated with critical thinking skills on the topic of the human excretory system for Grade XI senior high school students. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach by adapting the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). This study was conducted up to the development stage. The trial subjects included two expert validators, 10 biology education students, two biology teachers, and 30 Grade XI students from SMAN 2 Pekanbaru. The instruments used consisted of a validation sheet, student response questionnaire (students and prospective teachers), and teacher response questionnaire. The validation results showed that the E-LKPD was categorized as "very valid", with an average score of 3.51. The first limited trial (with university students) indicated that the E-LKPD was "very good", with an average score of 3.59. The second limited trial (with teachers and students) yielded average scores of 3.80 and 3.79, respectively, indicating "very good" responses. The practicality test resulted in an average score of 3.72, categorized as "very good/practical", while the overall quality assessment yielded a score of 3.61, also classified as "very good". The development of this E-LKPD demonstrates that the integration of the PBL model with critical thinking indicators effectively facilitates students in identifying problems, analyzing information, and constructing solutions based on the concept of the human excretory system. Therefore, the developed E-LKPD is deemed suitable for use as a supplementary teaching material in biology learning that emphasizes the enhancement of critical thinking skills.

Media Audio Visual Sebagai Inovasi Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di Mi Tahfidz As Sholihah Bawen, Semarang

Naili Amani Al Wiyah, Maslihatul Umami — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to describe the application of audio visual media as an innovation in learning English at MI Tahfidz As Sholihah. Data was gathered through teacher and student observation, interviews, and documentation using a descriptive qualitative methodology. The findings demonstrated that students active engagement in the learning process, vocabulary comprehension, and motivation to study were all improved by the use of audio-visual materials including interactive audio and animated films. This media also helps to create a more interesting and contextualized learning atmosphere, although there are still technical constraints such as device limitations. Overall, audio-visual media is considered effective and relevant as an innovative learning strategy that suits the characteristics of students in a tahfidz-based madrasah environment.

Keywords: Audio-Visual Media, Learning Innovation, English Language, MI Tahfidz As Sholihah

Negosiasi Ideologi Dalam Cerpen Kurik Karya Hasan Al Banna: Kajian Hegemoni Gramsci Dalam Pembelajaran Psikologi Sastra

Try Annisa Lestari, Harisah Fitri, Rizki Akbar Mustopa, Handini Rarhma — Fri, 07 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Setiap orang memiliki hak untuk melakukan banyak hal sesuai kehendaknya, memiliki pandangan hidupnya masing-masing, namun situasi tersebut tidak dapat diperoleh karena setiap orang dalam konteks ini adalah masyarakat terperangkap oleh ideologi-ideologi besar yang berkuasa (mendominasi). Sastra sebagai alat pemersatu kekuatan-kekuatan sosial dan pertarungan kelompok subordinat (kaum bawah) untuk melakukan perlawanan terhadap tindakan politik yang menawarkan ideologi-ideologi tertentu. Dengan demikian, tujuan penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan ideologi-ideologi yang hidup di masyarakat, termasuk ideologi dominan, yang berkaitan dengan pola pikir dan pola perilaku masyarakat dalam karya sastra. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang berfokus pada analisis isi dengan menggunakan teori hegemoni Gramsci. Hasil penelitian ini adalah tokoh Sapar bukan counter-hegemonik atas ideologi kapitalisme (berkuasa), tetapi melalui Sapar, Hasan mencoba untuk menegosiasikan agar ideologi kapitalisme menjadi ideologi kapitalisme yang sosialis dan humanis, yaitu kapitalis yang memandang manusia sebagai makhluk bermartabat dan makhluk sosial, berhak mendapatkan hak-hak yang seharusnya diperoleh.